Early detection and intervention are critical in preventing the progression of kidney diseases to more severe stages.
Dr Nishika Madireddy, Lab Director and Nephropathologist, CORE Diagnostics Hyderabad
Often overlooked by more high profile health issues, kidney diseases silently constitute an epidemic that affects millions across the globe. Recent statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that approximately 850 million individuals are afflicted with kidney diseases, ranking it as the 12th leading cause of death worldwide.
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Despite its staggering impact, kidney diseases often go undetected until they reach advanced stages, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality rates. An instance of this is IgA nephropathy, which tends to affect young males and frequently goes unnoticed until it progresses to chronic kidney disease. A basic urine analysis for haematuria could have facilitated the timely detection of IgA nephropathy.
It is imperative to prioritize routine screenings for high-risk populations, such as individuals with diabetes, hypertension, family history of kidney disease or an autoimmune disorder like systemic lupus nephritis.
“Early detection and intervention are critical in preventing the progression of kidney diseases to more severe stages”
The essential laboratory evaluations for screening include blood tests like serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and eGFR, along with a routine urine examination and urine protein creatinine ratio.
While the screening tests help pick up renal dysfunction, a renal biopsy is crucial for diagnosing and comprehending kidney diseases. Pathologists analyze kidney tissue samples obtained from biopsies to detect abnormalities, evaluate the degree of damage or inflammation, and inform treatment strategies. Histopathological analysis using special stains, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence offers valuable insights into the root causes of kidney diseases, including inflammation, infection, autoimmune conditions, or genetic anomalies.
The advancing field of nephrogenetics has made significant strides in enhancing the assessment of kidney disorders. Nephrogenetics delves into the genetic aspects shaping kidney development, functionality, and vulnerability to diseases. Genetic variations may predispose individuals to a spectrum of kidney conditions, encompassing inherited disorders like polycystic kidney disease (PKD), Alport syndrome, and select types of glomerulonephritis. Grasping the genetic underpinnings of kidney ailments enables early detection, tailored treatment modalities, and genetic counselling for affected individuals and their families.
While Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is less common in pediatric populations, it can have profound effects on growth, development, and long-term health outcomes. Nephrogenetics plays a pivotal role in elucidating the genetic basis of CKD in children, enabling early diagnosis.
Despite advances in the detection and diagnosis of kidney disorders and numerous preventative measures, disparities in access to kidney care persist, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Limited access to healthcare services, diagnostic tools, and treatment options exacerbate the burden of kidney diseases in underserved communities.
Through heightening awareness about kidney health, advocating for routine screenings, and enhancing diagnostic methodologies such as histopathology and nephrogenetics, healthcare providers and institutions can enhance the early detection, treatment, and prevention of kidney diseases, leading to improved patient outcomes and quality of life.
Prioritizing regular check-ups and adopting healthy lifestyle habits help safeguard kidney health. Ultimately, these endeavors contribute to enhanced patient outcomes and quality of life, working towards a global emphasis on prioritizing kidney health for everyone.
The author of the article is Dr. Nishika Madireddy, Lab Director & Nephropathologist, CORE Diagnostics Hyderabad
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